What sin is punished in the first circle of Hell, Limbo?

In Dante's "Inferno," the first circle of Hell, known as Limbo, is designated for the unbaptized and virtuous pagans. This circle is not characterized by physical punishment or torment but rather by a state of longing and unfulfilled potential. The souls found here include great thinkers, philosophers, and righteous individuals who lived before the advent of Christianity and, therefore, were not baptized. They are not punished for any sin in the traditional sense but are denied the presence of God, which is considered the ultimate source of fulfillment and joy.

The significance of Limbo reflects Dante's views on morality and justice, where these souls, despite their virtuous lives, cannot enter Heaven due to the lack of baptism, which is seen as necessary for salvation in the Christian theology of Dante's time. This choice captures the essence of Limbo's condition, distinguishing it from the punishments associated with other sins, which are more directly punitive in nature.